Diagnosis of Lyme disease in late-stage patients is often erroneous. Fallon and colleagues compared Lyme disease test results from four different testing labs, using blood samples from previously diagnosed Lyme patients and healthy controls. Overall, they found variation in results, but no statistically significant difference between labs. However, there was a higher positivity rate for the C6 test, than for whole bacterial sonicate used in the diagnostic test.

Patients with persisting Lyme symptoms were previously found to have higher and more frequent anti-neural antibodies compared to people who were healthy or who had recovered from Lyme disease. Patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and persisting Lyme disease often have similar symptoms. This study found that CFS patients do not have elevated anti-neural antibodies. Thus, the common symptoms of persisting Lyme and CFS are not likely due to anti-neural antibodies

The current blood test for Lyme disease has low accuracy. In this study, the authors designed and tested a new blood test that is more accurate. They used portions of proteins, called peptides, from Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. For a patient to be scored as positive, their blood had to contain antibodies that would recognize at least 2 of the 10 bacterial peptides. This test was more sensitive than the current blood test, and could be developed into a newer generation of diagnostic test for Lyme disease.

Chronic fatigue syndrome patients and post-treatment Lyme disease patients share some similar neurological symptoms. This study showed that the protein profiles in cerebrospinal fluid from the two groups were distinctive, suggesting that they are two different diseases.

The immune response to B. burgdorferi infection includes the production of antibodies that recognize bacterial surface proteins, one of which is called VlsE. Proteins form complex three-dimensional shapes, and only parts of them, called epitopes, are recognized by antibodies. Alaedini’s group mapped these on VlsE. The antibodies against VlsE differ in patients with later compared to earlier stages of Lyme disease.

Lyme disease patients make antibodies that recognize Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria that cause illness. When the disease progresses from early to late stages, these antibodies may change. A protein on the outside of B. burgdorferi is called VlsE, and antibodies that bind to a portion of it called the membrane-proximal domain illustrate this. These specific antibodies were low in patients with early disease, and were increased in patients with symptoms typical of later illness, such as neurological symptoms.

The genes that are expressed in sick people differ from those who are healthy. Using advanced sequencing techniques, these researchers found that immune cells in the blood of people with Lyme disease express different genes from those of healthy controls. Genes that are linked to a strong immune response were reduced in Lyme patients compared to those with other bacterial or viral infections. People with persisting symptoms attributed to Lyme disease shared some gene expression patterns with patients suffering chronic illnesses caused by immune system dysfunction.

The authors compared the blood of patients suffering more severe symptoms of Lyme disease against those with less. They found that the pattern of chemokines, which are chemical messengers produced by immune cells, varies between the two groups. This work may lead to better diagnostic tools and clinical treatments, and shows a biological difference between these two groups of patients.